An analysis of factors
affecting sustainability of internet usage among university students
Abstract
Purpose
–
The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting to the
sustainability of internet usage among the university students.
Methodology
-
The study was done obtaining data from the students from University of Sri Jayewardenepura
using a properly structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed in
order to collect the information regarding the sustainability of internet usage
and the factors affecting to the sustainability of internet usage. The data was
analyzed using statistical methods like Descriptive Statistics, Hypothesis
Testing and Regression Analysis.
Findings
– Research has identified that interpersonal and social networks and perceived
and realized benefits have significant positive impact on sustainability of
internet usage among university students and security issues and interruptions shows a negative
impact towards the sustainability of internet usage. Factors like cost of
internet browsing and cost of hardware and maintenance and innovations do not
show a significant impact towards the sustainability of internet usage among
University of Sri Jayewardenepura students.
Practical
implications – The sustainability of internet usage
provides practical implications for innovations and benefits provided to the users.
Key
words – Internet, University students, University of Sri
Jayewardenepura, internet usage
1. Introduction
1.1 Background of the
study
Internet plays a vital role within the globalized
world. The world is known to be a global village with great help of the
internet facility. The word internet provides an idea of combination of
networks. It can be publicly or privately accessible as the communication
channel for all. The definition for the word “Internet” provided by the
dictionary explains that internet is a vast computer network linking smaller computer networks
worldwide (usually preceded by the). The Internet includes commercial,
educational, governmental, and other networks, all of which use the same set of
communications protocols.
Today
internet has become a self-supportive, publicly available and cooperative
channel for the millions of users within the world. Internet has replaced the
traditional postal system and communication methods while providing the
facilities of email, viber, whatsapp and the social media like face book, Skype
and twitter etc. The facilities provided by the internet have made the life
easy and the individuals, corporations enjoy the benefits provided by the
internet throughout their personal life as well as the business life. Internet
has become a primary infrastructure for the people’s day today life while
providing the supportive services like communication facilities, real time
updates, education services, financial transaction facilities, online shopping,
leisure and entertainment and opportunities to explore the world etc. Internet
has made a revolution among the people. Internet will change how people live,
work, play and learn (John Chambers,
1998).
The university student is so
keen on the new knowledge and information for his or her academic purposes, the
extraordinary facilities provided by the internet is very supportive for the
university student. The research done by the Manish Kumar Mishra
for the “Use and importance of the internet at the University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria” says that the
internet provides many opportunities for the university students and the demand
for the internet shows a rapid increase among the university students. Internet
has become the biggest source for the university students in all aspects.
Internet covers the most of the areas within the world. It is updated with
current issues and developments in the world. Students can get much information
with the one click to the internet. The students are well updated with the
current information and the new knowledge with the help of the internet. It is more effective when compared to the
books and magazines as it provides instant information to the reader. As well
as the information
provided by the internet has covered a wide area of the relevant field. Even though the internet is largely used by the
university students, there are some identified disparities for the usage of the
internet among university students. That is, even though internet provides
reliable sources academic studies, the students do not have access to those
trustworthy sites from their homes. According to the case study done on “The use of Internet Resources by
University Students their Course projects elicitation”, it is suggested that
students should be given access to the trustworthy sites at their homes. So
that they can collect more trustworthy information for their study purposes.
The
sustainability of the internet usage concerns on the going concern of the
internet usage over the time period. According to the Rogers (2003) it is
defined as the degree to which an innovation is continued over the time. That
means when the innovation has done for the internet how long that innovation is
continued. Internet is continuing while adding new things to the existing
nature of the internet. That is defined as the Reinvention. The sustainability
is measured according to the continuation of the innovations and the
reinvention for the internet facility.
The sustainability
can be looked from various aspects. It can be looked from the aspects like
indispensability of the internet gives the idea of essentiality of the internet
for the users. As per the research it is concerned on the essentiality of the
internet for the university students. Another aspect is that the relevance of
the internet. It is considered about how the internet is relevant for the
university student for his activities. The gratification provided by the
internet is another aspect of internet sustainability. It can be measured by
the level of satisfaction of internet users. And the benefits provided for the
internet users is another factor that could be considered as the measure of
usage of internet sustainability. And the study will report the factors that
are affecting to the sustainability of the internet usage among the university
students. The independent variables like perceived benefits, interpersonal and
social network, cost of internet usage, security and interruptions and the
innovations are considered as the factors affecting to the internet usage among
the university students. The study is conducted to identify the relationship
between the above independent variables and the dependent variable sustainability.
1.2 Problem Statement
How the sustainability
of internet usage occurs and what are the factors affecting to the internet
usage among the university students.
1.3 Objectives
The study is
conducted with the following objectives,
·
To
find out the factors affecting sustainability of internet usage among
university students. Here the study is conducted to identify the variables that
are affecting to the sustainability of internet usage among university
students.
·
To
find out relationship between the sustainability of internet usage and the
factors affecting to internet usage.
1.4 Scope of the study
The scope of the study focuses to the final year undergraduates
who are getting the benefits from the internet facility. A sample is taken from
the students of the University of Sri Jayewardenepura as the university is near
to the Colombo suburb area and the most of the students are getting chance to
obtain internet facility. The students from the faculty of Management Studies
and Commerce, faculty of Arts and faculty of Science are taken in to the
consideration for the study. The research is planned to identify the factors
affecting to the sustainability in internet usage among the university
students. A well planned questionnaire is used to collect the primary data for
the study.
2. Literature Review
A preliminary search of existing material is conducted, for
the purpose of organizing valuable ideas and findings, generating research idea
and developing critical perspective. The literature review for the study is
conducted while performing a search on the existing research articles and other
sources which are related to the subject area of internet sustainability and
the factors affecting to the internet sustainability.
2.1 Introduction
The internet has nowadays become an important component in
academic institutions as it plays a pivotal role in meeting information and
communication needs of institutions. It
makes it possible to access a wide range of information such as up to date
research reports from anywhere in the world. It also enables scholars and
academic institutions to disseminate information to a wider audience around the
globe through having web sites and a way of search them and organize the
output. (Laumbano, Nawe, 2004)
The revolution in Information and
Communication Technology (ICT), and particularly the internet, is exerting
profound effects on information-based services. The future of universities
greatly hinges on their ability to embrace and leverage the potentials of these
emerging technologies at all levels of their business activities and strategies.
(Mutula, 2007)
2.2 The dependent variable
“Sustainability
of internet usage among university students”
Sustainable usage of an innovation is very
crucial as innovations are meant to stay and help in the development of a particular
community or people. Falling short of this will amount to waste of resources,
which could have been channeled to other areas (Hasim, Salman, 2009)
Sustainability defines as a dynamic
process in which IT Professionals, designers, and researchers work with
community groups in ways that give them greater control over technology in
their organization. Promoting sustainability involve findings ways of
encouraging technology learning and planning in community groups.(Merkel,Clitherow,Farooq,Xiao,Ganoe,Carrow,Rosson,2005)
2.3 The independent variables
According to Hasim, Salman, 2009, From
the results there is sustainability of internet usage among Malay youth. As far
as factors that have positive effects on sustainability of internet usage is
concerned, the results of the study showed that interpersonal and social network and perceived and realized benefits have significant positive effects
on sustainability of internet usage by Malay youth. The results also showed
that issues relating to security
concerns and interruptions have
significant negative effect on the sustainability of internet usage.
3. Research methodology
3.1. Research approach and
data collection method
The deductive approach is used in order to conduct the
research which is more suitable for the research topic ‘Factors affecting sustainability
of internet usage among university students”. A proper sample is selected for
the data collection purpose and develop hypothesis and descriptive statistics
and came to a final conclusion for the research problem.
The primary data needed for the study purpose is
collected through a questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of two parts and
first part consists of multiple choice questions which covers demographic factors
affecting to the internet usage and the Likert scale questions ranging from
1-5. 5 refers to strongly agreed situation, 2 refers to moderately agreed
situation, 3 refers to neutral situation, 4 refers to moderately disagreed
situation and 1 refers to strongly disagreed situation.
(The questionnaire is attached to the annexure)
3.2. Variables and the conceptual
framework
3.2.1. Dependent variable
“Sustainability of internet usage among university
students”
3.2.2. Independent
variables
The factors affecting to the sustainability of
internet usage among university students is considered as the independent
variables for the research purpose.
There are several factors that are affecting to the sustainability
internet usage (Salman, Hasim, 2009) which are,
·
Interpersonal
and social network
·
Perceived
and realized benefits
·
Security
issues and interruptions
·
Cost
of internet browsing and hardware and maintenance
·
Innovations
3.2.3 Conceptual Framework
3.3. The list of hypothesis
Five hypotheses have been developed in order to
identify the relationship between the sustainability of internet usage and the
factors affecting to that.
·
Hypothesis
01
Null
hypothesis (Ho)
There is no relationship between the impact of
interpersonal and social network and the sustainability of internet usage among
university students.
Alternative
hypothesis (Ha)
There is a relationship between the impact of
interpersonal and social network and the sustainability of internet usage among
university students.
·
Hypothesis
02
Null
hypothesis (Ho)
There is no relationship between the impact of
Perceived and realized benefits from internet and the sustainability of
internet usage among university students.
Alternative
hypothesis (Ha)
There is a relationship between the impact of
Perceived and realized benefits and the sustainability of internet usage among
university students.
·
Hypothesis
03
Null
hypothesis (Ho)
There is no relationship between the impact of
security issues and interruptions of internet and the sustainability of
internet usage among university students.
Alternative
hypothesis (Ha)
There is a relationship between the impact of security
issues and interruptions of internet and the sustainability of internet usage
among university students.
·
Hypothesis
04
Null
hypothesis (Ho)
There is no relationship between the impact of cost of
internet browsing and the sustainability of internet usage among university
students.
Alternative
hypothesis (Ha)
There is a relationship between the impact of cost of
internet browsing and the sustainability of internet usage among university
students.
·
Hypothesis
05
Null
hypothesis (Ho)
There is no relationship between the impact of
innovations and the sustainability of internet usage among university students.
Alternative
hypothesis (Ha)
There is a relationship between the impact of innovations
and the sustainability of internet usage among university students.
3.4. Population and sample
3.4.1. Population
Population consists of final year undergraduates of
University of Sri Jayewardenepura, who are using internet facility.
3.4.2. Sample
The sampling technique used for the study was
convenience sampling. 40 students from the three faculties (faculty of
management studies and commerce, faculty of arts and faculty of science) were
selected. All the students responded to the questionnaire and no one is
refused.
3.5. Data analysis methods
|
|
Data
analysis method used in the study
|
Data
analysis method used in the related article
|
|
Demographic factors
|
Descriptive statistics
|
-
|
|
Sustainability
|
Descriptive statistics- Compare means
|
Descriptive statistics- Compare means
|
|
Hypothesis 01
|
Regression Analysis
|
Regression Analysis
|
|
Hypothesis 02
|
Regression Analysis
|
Regression Analysis
|
|
Hypothesis 03
|
Regression Analysis
|
Regression Analysis
|
|
Hypothesis 04
|
Regression Analysis
|
Regression Analysis
|
|
Hypothesis 05
|
Regression Analysis
|
Regression Analysis
|
4. Data analysis and
discussion
4.1. A descriptive
analysis
4.1.1 Faculty of the
students
The students from
Faculty of Management Studies and Commerce are the major participants to the
research of 45%. And the least participants were the students from Faculty of
Arts (9%).
|
Table 01 : Faculty of the students
|
|||||
|
|
|
Frequency
|
Percent
|
Valid Percent
|
Cumulative Percent
|
|
Valid
|
Management
|
18
|
45.0
|
45.0
|
45.0
|
|
Science
|
13
|
32.5
|
32.5
|
77.5
|
|
|
Art
|
9
|
22.5
|
22.5
|
100.0
|
|
|
Total
|
40
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
|
|
4.1.2 Gender distribution of the Students
Most
of the students who have participated to the study were males about 58%.
|
Table 02 :
Gender distribution of the Students
|
|||||
|
|
|
Frequency
|
Percent
|
Valid Percent
|
Cumulative Percent
|
|
Valid
|
Female
|
17
|
42.5
|
42.5
|
42.5
|
|
"Male"
|
23
|
57.5
|
57.5
|
100.0
|
|
|
Total
|
40
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
|
|
Almost
all the students are satisfied by using the internet. 90% of students responded
that they were enjoying the internet facility.
|
Table 03 : Satisfaction
level of internet usage
|
|||||
|
|
|
Frequency
|
Percent
|
Valid Percent
|
Cumulative Percent
|
|
Valid
|
No
|
4
|
10.0
|
10.0
|
10.0
|
|
Yes
|
36
|
90.0
|
90.0
|
100.0
|
|
|
Total
|
40
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
|
|
4.1.4 Time Spent for the internet usage
Most
of the students are using internet more than once a day (87.5%). This may due
to the development of the mobile applications which will provide instant access
to the internet.
|
Table 04 :Time Spent for the internet usage
|
|||||
|
|
|
Frequency
|
Percent
|
Valid Percent
|
Cumulative Percent
|
|
Valid
|
once a day
|
5
|
12.5
|
12.5
|
12.5
|
|
More than once a day
|
35
|
87.5
|
87.5
|
100.0
|
|
|
Total
|
40
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
|
|
4.2 Descriptive analysis
for the sustainability of internet usage
The sustainability of internet usage can
be looked at from many aspects. They are from the perspective of
indispensability, gratification, and relevance and beneficial. The question is
developed in order to identify the significance of the above variables in
determining the sustainability. Question no 1 and 3 are related to the variable
of relevance. The mean of both questions are more than 4. As per the scale 5
stands for strongly agree and 1 stands for strongly disagree. As the question
no 1 and 3 provides scale of more than 4, it indicates that the variable
relevance is more than 4. It means it provides sustainability of internet usage
among university students. The question 2 related to the indispensability
variable and it shows 4.28 scales. That shows there is much indispensability of
internet usage. So that will create sustainability for internet usage. Question
No.4 stand for gratification which means whether the university student is
satisfied with the internet usage. It provides 3.68 mean value and indicates
that high level of satisfaction is with the university students and create
sustainability of internet usage. 5th question explains the benefits
gain by the university students and provides the value of 4, indicating that
the university student is highly benefited from the internet. And that makes
sustainability of internet usage. Last column shows the total sustainability of
internet usage among university students. The scale is 4.25 and it indicates
there is sustainability for the internet
usage.
|
Table
05 : Statistics
|
|||||||
|
|
|
Communication
channel
|
Make
life easy
|
Go
for outside world
|
Make
satisfied
|
Fully
benefited
|
Total
sustainability
|
|
N
|
Valid
|
40
|
40
|
40
|
40
|
40
|
40
|
|
Missing
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
|
Mean
|
4.75
|
4.28
|
4.55
|
3.68
|
4.00
|
4.2500
|
|
|
Std.
Deviation
|
.543
|
.679
|
.597
|
1.095
|
.716
|
.47231
|
|
4.3.Reliability Statistics
Reliability test is done in order to
measure the reliability of the scale which is used for the study. Here
Cronbach’s Alpha value is used. If the value is greater than 0.69 the data
collected is reliable. Here the value is greater than 0.69 it is proved that
the data set used for the study is reliable.
|
Table 06 : Reliability Statistics
|
|
|
Cronbach's Alpha
|
N of Items
|
|
.798
|
30
|
4.4. Hypothesis testing
Hypothesis
01
Null
hypothesis (Ho)
There is no relationship between the impact of
interpersonal and social network and the sustainability of internet usage among
university students.
Alternative
hypothesis (Ha)
There is a relationship between the impact of
interpersonal and social network and the sustainability of internet usage among
university students.
|
Table 07 : Coefficientsa
|
||||||
|
Model
|
Unstandardized Coefficients
|
Standardized Coefficients
|
t
|
Sig.
|
||
|
B
|
Std. Error
|
Beta
|
||||
|
1
|
(Constant)
|
2.383
|
.662
|
|
3.600
|
.001
|
|
avg_interpersonal
|
.283
|
.081
|
.564
|
3.513
|
.001
|
|
|
a. Dependent Variable: avg_sustainability
|
|
|
|
|||
Here P value = .001 which is less than the .05. Ho is
rejected under the significance level of 95%. So there is a relationship
between the impact of interpersonal and social network and the sustainability
of internet usage among university students.
The Beta value is 0.564. It indicates
that there is a strong positive relationship between the impact of
interpersonal and social network and the sustainability of internet usage among
university students. When the facilities for interpersonal and social network
increases the sustainability of internet usage will increase. It provides an
idea that the university students are more concern on the social relationships.
Today, younger generation feels that if they have become a partner of a social
media service that will be a great achievement that they have received. The
greater interest towards the social and interpersonal networks increases the
internet usage among the university students.
The final outcome will be the increase in the sustainability of internet
usage among the university students.
Hypothesis
02
Null
hypothesis (Ho)
There is no relationship between the impact of
Perceived and realized benefits from internet and the sustainability of
internet usage among university students.
Alternative
hypothesis (Ha)
There is a relationship between the impact of
Perceived and realized benefits and the sustainability of internet usage among
university students.
|
Table 08 : Coefficientsa
|
||||||
|
Model
|
Unstandardized Coefficients
|
Standardized Coefficients
|
t
|
Sig.
|
||
|
B
|
Std. Error
|
Beta
|
||||
|
1
|
(Constant)
|
2.383
|
.662
|
|
3.600
|
.001
|
|
avg_percieved
|
.226
|
.122
|
.303
|
1.852
|
.043
|
|
|
a.Dependent Variable:avg_sustainability
|
|
|
|
|
||
Here P value = .043 which is less than the .05. Ho is
rejected under the significance level of 95%. So there is a relationship
between the impact of Perceived and realized benefits and the sustainability of
internet usage among university students. The rejected null hypothesis suggests
that changes within the perceived benefits of internet usage will change the
internet usage among the university students.
The Beta value
is 0.303. It indicates that there is a weak positive relationship between the impacts
of perceived and realized benefits and the sustainability of internet usage
among university students. It indicates that when the perceived and realized
benefit increases, sustainability will increase. But the increased amount is
less than the amount change in the perceived and realized benefits. This
suggests that when the benefits of the users increase, the sustainability will
not increase by the same percentage increased amount of benefits.
University students receive various types of benefits
from the internet. Internet assists them in their academic requirements while
providing necessary information instantly at the time it is required. So when
the internet provides them more benefits they are more addicted to the
internet. The study shows that even though the university students increase the
internet usage when they are receiving high benefits, they do not fully depend
on the benefits that they received. So it shows positive weak relationship.
Hypothesis
03
Null
hypothesis (Ho)
There is no relationship between the impact of
security issues and interruptions of internet and the sustainability of
internet usage among university students.
Alternative
hypothesis (Ha)
There is a relationship between the impact of security
issues and interruptions of internet and the sustainability of internet usage
among university students.
|
Table 09 : Coefficientsa
|
||||||
|
Model
|
Unstandardized Coefficients
|
Standardized Coefficients
|
t
|
Sig.
|
||
|
B
|
Std. Error
|
Beta
|
||||
|
1
|
(Constant)
|
2.383
|
.662
|
|
3.600
|
.001
|
|
avg_security
|
-.314
|
.130
|
-.441
|
-2.412
|
.021
|
|
|
a.DependentVariable:avg_sustainability
|
|
|
|
|
||
Here P value = .021 which is less than the 0.05. Ho is
rejected under the significance level of 95%. So there is a relationship
between the impact of security issues and interruptions of internet and the
sustainability of internet usage among university students.
The Beta value
of -.441 indicates that there is a weak negative relationship between the impact
of security and interruptions of internet and the sustainability of internet
usage among university students. The negative relationship shows that when
there are security problems and interruptions occurs; the users are lack of
confidence on the service provided by the internet. For an example, when there
is a danger of hacking the web sites, the users prevent from using the
internet. That will lead to reduction in internet usage of the people.
Ultimately that will affect to the sustainability of internet usage of the
university students. The university students are on alert on the security of
the internet. So that if they feel it is not well secured, they try to reduce
the internet usage. As per the study security and interruptions will not
totally reduce the internet usage. It is up to a certain extent.
Hypothesis
04
Null
hypothesis (Ho)
There is no relationship between the impact of cost of
internet browsing and the sustainability of internet usage among university
students.
Alternative
hypothesis (Ha)
There is a relationship between the impact of cost of
internet browsing and the sustainability of internet usage among university
students.
|
Table 10 : Coefficientsa
|
||||||
|
Model
|
Unstandardized Coefficients
|
Standardized Coefficients
|
t
|
Sig.
|
||
|
B
|
Std. Error
|
Beta
|
||||
|
1
|
(Constant)
|
2.383
|
.662
|
|
3.600
|
.001
|
|
avg_cost
|
.142
|
.172
|
.150
|
.829
|
.413
|
|
|
a. Dependent Variable: avg_sustainability
|
|
|
|
|||
Here P value = .413 which is higher than the 0.05. Ho
cannot be rejected under the significance level of 95%. There is no
relationship between the impact of cost of internet browsing and the
sustainability of internet usage among university students.
That means when the cost of internet browsing is
increased or decreased, it will not be affected to the internet usage among the
university students. The study concerned about the cost hardware and
maintenance other than the cost of browsing internet. The negligence of
hardware cost and maintenance is due to the popularity of the mobile phones for
the internet access. Most of the
university students are getting access to the internet using mobile phones. Low
cost mobile phones are also providing internet access. So that cost of hardware
and maintenance will not affect for the internet usage of the university
students. And also the mobile service prodders are providing internet facility
at a lower cost. They have introduced various types of data packages for
internet browsing which can be easily affordable by the university students. So
that cost of internet browsing and cost of hardware and maintenance will not be
affected for the internet usage among the university students. The ultimate
result will be that the cost of internet browsing and cost of hard ware and
maintenance will not affect to the sustainability in internet usage among
university students.
Hypothesis
05
Null
hypothesis (Ho)
There is no relationship between the impact of
innovations and the sustainability of internet usage among university students.
Alternative
hypothesis (Ha)
There is a relationship between the impact of
innovations and the sustainability of internet usage among university students.
|
Table 11 : Coefficientsa
|
||||||
|
Model
|
Unstandardized Coefficients
|
Standardized Coefficients
|
T
|
Sig.
|
||
|
B
|
Std. Error
|
Beta
|
||||
|
1
|
(Constant)
|
2.383
|
.662
|
|
3.600
|
.001
|
|
avg_innovation
|
.104
|
.076
|
.205
|
1.359
|
.183
|
|
|
a. DependentVariable:avg_sustainabiliy
|
|
|
|
|
||
Here P value = .183 which is higher than the 0.05. Ho
is rejected under the significance level of 95%. There is no relationship between
the impact of innovations and the sustainability of internet usage among
university students.
This suggests that new innovations in internet will
not affect to the sustainability of internet usage among university students.
5. Conclusion
As
per the findings of the study it is understood that the almost all the
university students are enjoying the benefits provided by the internet
facility. With the rapid development of mobile Apps, the internet usage among
the university students has been increased. Most of the students are able to
get access to the internet via the mobile phones and as well as the computer equipment.
The
sustainability of internet usage is identified as the going concern of the
internet usage. The sustainability can
be measured through several variables. Indispensability of the internet,
gratification to the users, relevance and beneficial to the users are the
various aspects that can be looked at the sustainability of internet usage. According
to the research findings the four variables shows positive results and it
indicates that there is a sustainability of internet usage among university
students. The idea behind the results is that when an innovation takes place
within internet that will be accepted by the university students for long time
period.
The
study focused on the factors affecting to the sustainability of internet usage
among the university students. Perceived and realized benefits, interpersonal
and social networks and security issues and interruptions affect to the
sustainability of internet usage among university students. The perceived and
realized benefits and the interpersonal and social networks show a positive
impact towards the sustainability of internet usage. And the security issues and
interruptions show a negative impact for the sustainability of internet usage
as the university students do not accept the risky browsing facilities. The
factors like cost of internet browsing and cost of hardware and maintenance and
innovations do not show a relationship with the sustainability of internet
usage. Low cost packages of internet browsing and the availability of mobile
apps may be the reason for the non-impact towards the sustainability.
The
major issue identified through the research findings are that the inability of
university students to get access to the trustworthy sites from their homes.
The students only can access to trustworthy sites from the university premises
but it cannot be done from their homes. If they are able to get access to these
sites from their homes, that will be more helpful for their studies and it will
increase the sustainability if internet usage among the university students.
Suggestions for improvement
·
It
should take necessary actions to increase the sustainability of internet usage
while providing more benefits and innovations through the internet.
·
A
proper action should be taken in order to give the facility for university
students to get access to the trustworthy sites from their homes.
